The Impact Of Electronic Health Records On Healthcare...

Nursing: The Impact of Electronic Health Records Renee M. Bourgeois, Alisha N. Kifer, Brittany R. Walsh Clemson University Abstract This paper describes the overall effects of electronic health records (EHRs) on healthcare delivery. It discusses the effects on quality of patient care, timeliness of access to patient information, efficiency, and errors. The paper also mentions implications for the patient and the nurse. In general, EHRs helped improve the quality of patient care because access to patient information was quicker and more efficient. Errors occurred less often with diligent recording techniques. Electronic Health Records As of 2011, approximately 54% of physicians had adopted an electronic health record system (Jamoom, Beatty, Bercovitz, et al., 2012). Electronic health records are a digital version of a patient’s medical chart that are protected and quick to access. They often contain important patient information such as medical history, allergies, diagnoses, medications, test results, and treatment histories. Electronic health records can affect the quality and efficiency of patient care, the timeliness of accessing patient information, and the likelihood of errors. According to Joanne Callen, electronic health records have the potential to improve patient safety and the efficiency of healthcare delivery (Callen, 2014). In order for patient safety and care quality to be improved, nurses and physicians have to be diligent and accurate when documentingShow MoreRelatedThe Electronic Health Records ( Ehrs ) Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesClinical Documentation has been used throughout the healthcare to analyze care provided to a patient, communicate important information between healthcare providers and patients, and provide medical records that will help patients track their conditions. The Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have revolutionized the process of clinical documentation through direct care to the patient. This electronic health record is a new technology that helps maintain patient’s privacy and to direct care of the patientRead MoreFuture Trends in Health Care Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesFuture Trends in Health Care Over the years many things have contrubuted to the advancement of the electronic age in the health care system. In the beginning, the primary function of the information system in the healthcare setting was administrative tasks, such as billling. That has changed over the years. According to Blackwell (2008) â€Å"As IT developed, systems were marketed for the specialist medical departments and niche markets developed, for example, for laboratories, pharmacies, diagnosticsRead MoreA Brief Note On The Electronic Health Records Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesClinical documentation has been used throughout the healthcare to analyze care provided to a patient, communicate important information between healthcare providers and patients, and provide medical records that will help patients track their conditions. The Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have revolutionized the process of clinical documentation through direct care to the patient. This electronic health record is a new technology that helps maintain patient’s privacy. Both computers and EHRs canRead MoreThe Electronic Health Records1146 Words   |  5 Pageslegislation with the sole purpose of providing healthcare providers with funding for implementing healthcare information technology, electronic health records, protecting patient’s health information, and provides patients with greater access and control over their protected health information. Derived from the Health Insurance Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) that provides funding and incentives for the implementation of electronic health records. Title IV of division B of the ARRARead MoreImplementing Electronic Health Record994 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: Organizational Change Implementing Electronic Health Record Electronic Health Records Healthcare organizations face notable challenges concerning information accuracy. This can impact both patient privacy and the delivery of care. For instance, if patient information is not properly transmitted from the physician to the pharmacy, medication errors can result which can have detrimental impacts on a patient’s health. Given the importance of improving patient outcomes, theRead MoreHealthcare Delivery Issues Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper is to discuss how Electronic Medical Records (EMR), affects healthcare delivery. I will discuss the positives and negatives this issue has on healthcare and how it effects the cost and quality for healthcare services. In addition, I will identify any potential trade-offs to cost or quality. Lastly, I will discuss how the EMR affects my job as well as any challenges or opportunities this issue presents. Electronic Patient Data affects on Healthcare delivery In 2009 President Obama, throughRead MoreElectronic Health Records : The Time Of Hippocrates1733 Words   |  7 PagesElectronic Health Records Paper-based health records have existed since the time of Hippocrates. The most significant change in paper-based health records occurred in the 20th century with the development of electronic health records (EHRs), due to evolution of technology (Rocha Rocha, 2014). The development of EHRs began in the mid-1960s. Since that time, EHRs have continued to advance. Many institutions are now placing a greater effort in the utilization of this advancing technology (AthertonRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological Impacts To Electronic Health Records1740 Words   |  7 PagesThere are currently many technological impacts happening in the field of healthcare. While there are many and extremely valuable changes being implemented in medical facilities, one of the biggest changes is the transitioning from paper charts to electronic health records. Over the past few years and most recently, medical facilities have done their best to improve the EHR implementation so that they are comfortable wit h how information is being entered into the system as well as how it is accessedRead MoreImpact Of Technology And Economy On Ehealth And Future Predictions1495 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Technology and Economy on Ehealth and Future Predictions In-person visits to physicians in the future will decrease thanks to the growth of emerging technology, which helps patients review their health records electronically sometimes called Electronic Health or E-health (1). According to the study conducted by John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, more than 70 percent physicians were making use of electronic records compare to 10 percent a decade ago (1). This is mainly becauseRead MoreImpact Of Technology And Economy On Ehealth And Future Predictions1495 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Technology and Economy on Ehealth and Future Predictions In-person visits to physicians in the future will decrease thanks to the growth of emerging technology, which helps patients review their health records electronically sometimes called Electronic Health or E-health (1). According to the study conducted by John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, more than 70 percent physicians were making use of electronic records compare to 10 percent a decade ago (1). This is mainly because

Analysis Of Barbara Nelson s Book Making An Issue Of...

Barbara Nelson book review Yaimar DeLeon California State University of Fresno The social problems that face our country continuously surround our government. Politicians, although they attempt to avoid these issues are constantly in the eye of the public. Social problems can be determined as, â€Å"†¦some condition, set of events, or group of persons constitutes a troublesome situation that needs to be changed or ameliorated †. In Barbara J. Nelson’s book Making an Issue of Child Abuse Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems, the author broke down the history of child abuse policy ensuring to depict the way in which this social issue became an agenda setting topic, how the media contributed to this issues grand impact on society and how the government made way and gave this issue the focus it needed. Throughout the book we learned about many important programs and policies that were set forth to help children facing child abuse. An important association that continues its work vigorously today, ensuring the safety of children is the Ame rican Humane Association (AHA). For this matter it is important to understand the importance of the history of child abuse as a policy and the role the AHA has had in regards to this policy and protecting the children of our nation. The agenda setting process followed a series of stages, which Nelson recurred to in order to develop her theories. The process included, recognizing, adopting, setting prioritiesShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesBuhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael AdasRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designationsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesmoney From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experiencedRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesPrentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by anyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical ReasoningRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesEDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication

Alternative to Economic Globalization Free Essays

The book â€Å"Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World is Possible – A Report of The International Forum on Globalization† by Cavanagh and Mander is innovative and controversial book revealing misconceptions of Friedman’s â€Å"The World is Flat† and describing multinational imperialism as inevitable consequence of cultural and carnage obliteration. Firstly, it may seem that the authors are likely to advocate for globalization, in particular, for neoliberalism – corporate globalization – stating that globalization can de defined as inevitable result of technological forces and evolutionary process. In other words, no matter how the world is developing, it will inevitably result in globalization process. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative to Economic Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, the book is successful attempt to make corporate globalization more natural and effective. The authors define corporate globalization as privatization of goods and services and as the cult of international capitalism. Cavanagh and Mander discuss pros and cons of globalization, implications and fallouts of globalized economies. However, with book progression it becomes apparent that the authors stand against globalization. (Brown Renner 2006) The authors start from describing the consequences of World Trade Organization protest taken place in Seattle in 1999 and they try to find answer whether it is possible to exist without globalization and what community would think of you if you were against globalization. Answering these questions, the author offer four-hundred pages direction how to make our world better and how to move toward more sustainable democratic world. The authors provide key components of globalization model: †¢ Hypergrowth resulting in inevitable search for new alternative resources, cheaper labour force and new unexplored markets; †¢ Commoditisation and privatization of medicines; access to freshwater; intellectual property rights; radio waves; fertilizers and seeds; †¢ Economic and cultural homogenization meaning that there is a need to create such global culture where â€Å"every place is becoming more and more like every other place†; (Cavanagh Mander, 38) †¢ Export-oriented investment and trade applying the merits of comparative advantage. It is known that the book is a result of discussions taken place during the period 1999-2002 by the International Forum on Globalization. The forum involved many activists of global justice movement, the International Forum on Globalization (IFG) is considered important as such famous figures as Maude Barlow, Walden Bello, Lori Wallach, Tony Clarke, Vandana Shiva and David Korte were its members. When anti-globalization protest occupied the streets of Seattle, many of its activists realized the necessity to go further and to work out alternative economic ideas how to prevent development of corporate globalization. Thus, they created the World Social Forum and the book â€Å"Alternative to Economic Globalization† appeared to be a direct reflection of discussions during the protests. The book is a struggle against globalization reveals the ills of radical economic actions, participatory democracy, and social justice. However, the book isn’t official ideology, but serious reflection. (Brown Renner 2006) The book provides two theoretical lines – the first criticizing corporate globalization and power, and the second discussing alternative ideas and principle for better society. However, the term â€Å"capitalism† is rarely used as a category of analysis. The author, instead, try to discuss the global corporate power. Cavanagh and Mander claim that the basis for global social and economic crisis is â€Å"rooted in – corporate globalization itself† (Cavanagh Mander, 32) and that â€Å"globe-girdling firms (are) the driving forces behind the new architecture for global governance and the trade, finance, and investments regimes that now rule people and life on earth†. (p. 122) The book also offers thorough analysis of the institutional form of capitalism, but â€Å"without an analysis of capitalism they are reduced to surface descriptions without recognizing the class relations at the core of global corporate structure†. To prove their position, the authors state that the â€Å"absolute imperative to make a profit† and the â€Å"imperative to continuously grow and expand† (p. 130) are likely to be â€Å"rooted in the institutional forms and structures† of corporate behaviour. Nevertheless, these imperatives are more likely to be rooted in the structural logic of capitalism which is exhibited in the form of global corporations. If too look deeper, it becomes apparent that the mentioned imperatives are to promote class societies relations with the purpose to distort current principles and beliefs of culture and civil society. Profit making and expansion are the key goals of global corporate structure in the current world. How to cite Alternative to Economic Globalization, Papers

American free essay sample

The original use of the term was in Body Ritual Among the Nacirema, which satirizes anthropological papers on other cultures, and the culture of the United States. Horace Miner wrote the paper and originally published it in the June 1956 edition of American Anthropologist. In the paper, Miner describes the Nacirema, a little-known tribe living in North America. The way in which he writes about the curious practices that this group performs distances readers from the fact that the North American group described actually corresponds to modern-day Americans of the mid-1950s. The article sometimes serves as a demonstration of a gestalt shift with relation to sociology. Miner presents the Nacirema as a group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. The paper describes the typical Western ideal for oral cleanliness, as well as providing an outside view on hospital-care and on psychiatry. We will write a custom essay sample on American or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Miners article became a popular work, reprinted in many introductory anthropology and sociology textbooks. It is also given as an example of process analysis in The Bedford Reader, a literature textbook. The article itself received the most reprint permission requests of any article in American Anthropologist, but has become part of the public domain. Some of the popular aspects of Nacirema culture include: Medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists), a charm-box (medicine cabinet), the mouth-rite ritual (brushing teeth), and a cultural hero known as Notgnihsaw (Washington spelled backwards). [edit]The Mysterious Fall of the Nacirema In 1972 Neil B. Thompson revisited the Nacirema after the fall of their civilization. Thompsons paper, unlike Miners, primarily offered a social commentary focused on environmental issues. Thompson paid special attention to the Elibomotua Cult and their efforts to modify the environment. The high esteem of the cult is demonstrated by the fact that near every population center, when not disturbed by the accumulation of debris, archeologists have found large and orderly collections of the Elibomotua Cult symbol. The vast number of these collections has given us the opportunity to reconstruct with considerable confidence the principal ideas of the cult. The newest symbols seem to have nearly approached the ultimate of the Naciremas cultural ideal. Their colors, material, and size suggest an enclosed mobile device that corresponds to no color or shape found in nature, although some authorities suggest that, at some early time in the development, the egg may have been the model. The device was provided with its own climate control system as well as a system that screened out many of the shorter rays of the light spectrum. This article is reprinted and appears as the final chapter in an anthology called Nacirema: Readings on American Culture. The volume contains an array of scholarly investigations into American social anthropology as well as one more article in the Nacirema series, by Willard Walker of Wesleyan University: (American Anthropologist, Volume 72, Issue 1, pages 102–105, February 1970) The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and the TIYCIR Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture. This article laments the corrosive and subjugating ritual of attending sguwlz.

s Music

Folk Music in India While putting together the performance of â€Å"The Raja’s Secret† was fun, it also was a lot of hard work. Each member was vital in making our performance a success. Helena did not only organize the group paper, but she also played the lead role as the Raja. Both Laurie and Adrian were in charge of the props which allowed the play to come to life. They also were the woodcutter and guard respectively. Erin and Lauren served as the costume managers and as the tree and Manji respectively. Sarah was in charge of the songs for entry into the play as well as being the narrator. I was in charge of checking the group requirements to make sure nothing was missed as well as acting as the Royal Musician in the play. We all worked very well together and kept our group organized so that we could present our country, India, in the best fashion possible. By participating in this project, I learned a lot about the music of India and how to perform a play. I found out about the different instruments used and the attire they wear. I also realized that it isn’t as intimidating as I thought it would be to perform in front of the class. I also now know that group projects aren’t as bad as they used to be in the past. Music in the villages is learned almost immediately. From childhood the music is heard. There are numerous public activities that allow the villagers to practice and polish their skills. These are the normal functions which match village life with the earth. The music is a fundamental component of functions such as weddings, engagements, and births. There is a surplus of songs for such occasions. There are also many songs associated with planting and harvesting. In these activities the villagers routinely sing of their hopes, fears and aspirations. The instruments in India are very important to the music. Folk instruments are commonly crafted by the musicians themselves. It is very common ... 's Music Free Essays on India And It\'s Music Folk Music in India While putting together the performance of â€Å"The Raja’s Secret† was fun, it also was a lot of hard work. Each member was vital in making our performance a success. Helena did not only organize the group paper, but she also played the lead role as the Raja. Both Laurie and Adrian were in charge of the props which allowed the play to come to life. They also were the woodcutter and guard respectively. Erin and Lauren served as the costume managers and as the tree and Manji respectively. Sarah was in charge of the songs for entry into the play as well as being the narrator. I was in charge of checking the group requirements to make sure nothing was missed as well as acting as the Royal Musician in the play. We all worked very well together and kept our group organized so that we could present our country, India, in the best fashion possible. By participating in this project, I learned a lot about the music of India and how to perform a play. I found out about the different instruments used and the attire they wear. I also realized that it isn’t as intimidating as I thought it would be to perform in front of the class. I also now know that group projects aren’t as bad as they used to be in the past. Music in the villages is learned almost immediately. From childhood the music is heard. There are numerous public activities that allow the villagers to practice and polish their skills. These are the normal functions which match village life with the earth. The music is a fundamental component of functions such as weddings, engagements, and births. There is a surplus of songs for such occasions. There are also many songs associated with planting and harvesting. In these activities the villagers routinely sing of their hopes, fears and aspirations. The instruments in India are very important to the music. Folk instruments are commonly crafted by the musicians themselves. It is very common ...

How to Get an Essay Done

How to Get an Essay Done How to Get an Essay Done Completing an education is one of the best decisions one can make in life, and part of completing an education includes writing essays. However, writing an essay is not an easy task, as it involves a complete process to get the job done. Completing essay assignments contributes to maintaining good grades and GPA scores. Many potential employers often ask potential employees for their school transcripts and not just a copy of their degrees. So, it is a good idea to be sure to complete quality essays to boost one’s grades. Steps to Completing an Essay: Choose a topic – Unless you are assigned a specific topic you will need to choose one, so choose one that is interesting to you. Just make sure it is in line with the assigned purpose, such as an overview or an analysis. Make an outline – The outline is how you will organize your ideas about your topic. The original structure of the outline may change as you go, but using it gives you a blueprint to follow. Create a thesis statement – This will convey to the readers what your essay is about, as well as specific points you plan to prove about the topic. The thesis statement states the purpose of the essay. Do the research – The next task is conducting pertinent research by gathering information from scholarly academic sources such as journal articles from sites like JSTOR, EBSCOhost, as well as books and reputable websites. Write the introduction – Your essay introduction should do the job of attracting the attention of the readers and persuading them to read the entire essay. The introduction illustrates pertinent points of the essay and gives the readers a foundation for what they will find in the essay. Write the body – This is where the main content of the essay is created. It contains the main points and subpoints of the essay and it also elaborates on each point. This is where the purpose of the essay is described, explained, or argued. Write the conclusion – The essay conclusion summarizes what was presented in the essay and provides the final perspective about the essay topic. The main points are reviewed and an author’s perspective is added. Review for correctness – After the conclusion, you need to include any finishing touches needed in the essay. Make sure your paragraphs are in the correct order and that you have followed all of the essay assignment instructions. Also, do a spelling and grammar check and be sure the essay is formatted correctly. These are the basic steps on how to get an essay done; however, if one is not up to the challenge of following these steps, using a professional essay writing service is an option.

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Human Sexuality - Essay Example There are numerous dimensions to human sexuality. Some are familiar and have been covered extensively by numerous research, studies and academic literature. However, I believe that there are interesting and new variables that are emerging today in our time. This is the main consideration why I have chosen the items outlined in this portfolio. From this perspective, for instance, Sigmund Freud comes to mind first. His interest in human sexuality has been seen as a challenge to the permeating social norms of the Victorian age. He was an agent of change in the field. I think that the social and cultural landscape of the contemporary world is in a threshold not unlike the transition period marked by the emergence of the Freudian school of thought. Then, the rest of the issues outlined here are, in my opinion, the pivotal forces that would shape human sexuality in the days to come. They share the elements of liberalism, technology and the constant challenge to tradition. In regard to my critical analysis, experience and values played a significant part although this is just up to some extent. I have chosen some traditional concepts in the portfolio such as those pertaining to procreation and love. Then, as part of the Western society, I have no qualms about my cultural bias against those who practice female genital mutilation even though I acknowledge that some serious considerations must be given to other peoples’ cultural and religious sensibilities.

Operations Decision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations Decision - Assignment Example The main difference between this Company and its main competitors is that it very tasty and good to look at low calorie food stuffs that are also healthy. With more and more people increasingly focusing on healthy eating, the company also manages to constantly outshine its key competitors that have much higher calorie foodstuffs. Most residents in the UK prefer low calorie foods since they are much more concerned about their health than in the previous years. This hands the company an added advantage over its competitors like KFC and Mac Fries that have higher calories food on their respective menus. Most of its customers are of the ages from 20 to 55 years coming from all the socio-cultural backgrounds. Amongst the two genders, women form the largest segment of their customers since they tend to watch their health and weight much more keenly than their male counterparts.. These refer to the internal and external factors that affect the company’s marketing opportunities. This analysis identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are significant in determining actions or aspects that are necessary for the marketing plan. The company tries to make good food in a simple and more sustainable manner while at the same time striving to meet its commercial goals. The company has ensured that it is capable of balancing the four main elements of marketing so as to achieve the above states objective. A successful product or service has to incorporate a distinctive marketing mix for it to be successful. The right mix of these elements will ensure the company has a higher chance of achieving this stated objective that leads to increased customer satisfaction. This consists of four P’s that include: product, price, place and promotion. In the food and beverage industry, the product has to look and taste good as well as constituting the right ingredients. The products’ prices also need to be

HR and CSR connection PP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR and CSR connection PP - Research Paper Example h will be of interest to other citizens within the nation since it will enable them to properly understand what their government is doing with the funds it gets from their natural resources. The research greatly motivates me since it will help in highlighting the connection that exists between the human resource departments and the company’s corporate social responsibilities. It will also help me in judging whether the management principles that are being applied in the field are still the same ones being applied in the field along with their relevancy. The theories along with constructs that will be applicable in my research will include various content and process theories (Jackson, 2011). This will be beneficial in helping me in determining what motivates the workers within the institution. The project will be completed in a period of seven months since the costs have already been availed for performing the activity. Ample time has also been put aside to enable me to focus adequately on the research hence the time limit of seven months will be adequate for completing the research (Schwab, 2004). The project proposal aims at investigating the following hypothesis or answers the following research question(s). The accessibility to data has already been acquired with the subjects to be interviewed or questioned having already given their consent to participation. The monetary resources required to complete the project successfully are available and are adequate. The technology required has been availed hence it will be useful in ensuring that the project is completed within the budget along with time limits set for it (Schwab, 2004). However, some advanced technologies such as software programs for simulation purposes will be purchased from local or international vendors. This is because the company has no team in the project that is tasked with the responsibility of developing software programs. On the other hand, the operations of the existing software within

Roles Of Investment Banks In Mergers And Acquisitions Finance Essay

Roles Of Investment Banks In Mergers And Acquisitions Finance Essay BACKGROUND: Â  Mergers and Acquisitions which can also be abbreviated as MA, relates to the corporate strategy, company finance and management of buying, selling and combining of different firms which can assist, finance or help a developing company in a particular sector develop more without generating a need to create different business entity. The history of MA has evolved in five stages. The process of MA is triggered by the economic factors such as growth in GDP, interest rates and monetary policies which brings the companies and organizations to emerge in the transactions of MAs. The first stage is known as the first mergers wave which was commenced from 1897 to 1904. During this phase merger occurred between the companies who are in the line of productions of heavy manufacturing products like railroads, electricity, etc. All the mergers that happened during these phase are of horizontal type. The companies and organizations that are merged had enjoyed monopoly in the market because of their same kind of manufacturing business of heavy machineries and industrial goods. At the end of the first merger wave those companies that are involved in mergers and acquisitions have tasted bitter failures because of non achievement of desired efficiency. These failures were highly fuelled by the economic slowdown and stock market crash in 1903 and 1904 respectively. Those companies were further more retaliated by the legal frameworks, which are even not in their favour. The Supreme Court had passed a mandate stating the possibility of halting of the anticompetitive companies using the Sherman Act an act which was passed in 1890 by the US government against the combination of companies who creates the potential harm to the competitive markets by their cartels and monopolies. (William L. Letwin, Congress and the Sherman Antitrust Law: 1887-1890, 23 U.Chi.L.Rev 221 (1956)) The second wave merger took place from 1916 to1929. During this period the mergers between oligopolies had taken place rather than monopolies. The economic boom after the World War I had given rise to these mergers. The technological advancement in railroads and transportations by motor vehicles had given a proper infrastructure to these mergers and acquisitions. The government encouraged the companies to work united and the policy was implemented in 1920s. The second mergers wave was mainly a horizontal or conglomerate type. Mergers happened during this phase were mainly between the companies producing petroleum, food products, metals, transportation equipments and chemicals. Investment banks had a vital role in facilitating mergers and acquisitions during this phase. The end of second wave mergers happened due to sudden crash in stock market in 1929. The tax relief provided by the government helped mergers to start again in 1940s. The third wave merger took place between 1965 and 1969 which was of conglomerate in nature. These mergers were inspired by the high interest rates, rise in stock markets and strict antitrust policies. The interesting fact about these mergers is, the bidder firms were smaller in size than the target firms. These mergers were financed from equities and investment banks have no more vital roles in those mergers. The third wave mergers ended by the plan of the Attorney General to split the conglomerates in 1968 and also due to a poor performance by the conglomerates. The fourth wave mergers took place between 1981 and 1989 which was a kind of acquisitions. These mergers were not big in size as compared to those in third wave mergers. Mergers were happened between the oil and gas companies, airline and banking companies and pharmaceuticals. This wave ended due to anti takeover laws, financial reforms and Gulf war. The fifth wave mergers took place between 1992 and 2000. During this period mergers were inspired by globalization and rise in stock market. Mergers were financed by the equity and not by the debt. The motives of mergers have changed from short term to long term profits. This merger wave ended with the burst of stock market bubble. To sum up, the process of mergers and acquisitions is coming from all the way long and has passed through lots of economic and geographic barriers. It is being developed by the various economic factors. Many other factors have contributed in its growth and as long as these economic units of production exist, MA will continue to spread and develop. As this paper is all about the financing of MAs, firstly, we must know about the ways in which the transactions of MAs are financed. You can finance an acquisition by borrowing money based on assets you own yourself or you can borrow money based on the business value and assets of the company you wish to purchase. Mergers are also frequently financed by stock swaps or by issuing new stock in your company to use as payment to the target companys shareholders.( http://www.ehow.com/how_2119515_finance-buyout-merger.html) If a company takes on debt to make an acquisition and the deal goes sour, it runs into financial trouble and the executives are replaced. But if an equity-backed deal goes wrong, the stock price simply underperforms and nobody can be sure why. One thing is certain unwise acquisitions abound in this market. Michael H. Lubaktin and Peter J. Lane Acquisitions can be financed by cash purchase, an exchange of stocks of shares or a combination of both cash and shares. However, from all these stated mediums, cash is considered as a most preferred mode of financing. It has started taking pace during 1970s, when the percentage of takeovers grew from 20% in 1960s to over 50% during 1970s. (D. A. Blackmon, 1997. WorldComs massive bid shakes up little town. Wall Street Journal, October 13: Bl, B9; P. Elstrom, C. Yang, and S. Jackson, 1997. WorldCom + MCI: How it all adds up. Business Week, November 4: 44.) Whenever a company decides it wants to merge or acquire another firm, they use the services provided by the professionals outside the company. It may include the Investment banks, accountants and valuation experts. There is variety of services provided by the Investment banks like helping to select the target, target valuation, advising on strategy and raising the required finance to complete the transaction. We have seen the origin of Mergers and Acquisitions and even various ways of financing it. But in this paper we are going to talk more about the role of Investment banks in the entire procedure of MA. So, before we move on further, lets just see how these Investment banks came into existence. We will see their origin, a bit of services they offer and finally their extreme importance in the transaction of mergers and acquisitions. In the true sense, Investment Banking is investing in the securities of the issuing companies, i.e. buying their shares and then to resale them to the general public. (Fleuriet, Michel, 2008, p.1). Investment banking is originated in 1792 outside the Wall Street and under a Buttonwood tree. This is the only known origin of investment bank by number of investment bankers. However, there is no exact report of truth of its origin. Anyways as nobody knows where Investment banking came from; let alone what it actually is. There are various other services apart from reselling the securities that investment banks provide. But it is believed that most of them are much older than the Investment banks themselves. Lets begin with the financial products the Investment banks offer. Investment banks deal with the underwriting and trading government bonds. They trade in international bond syndications. They develop new instruments of structured finance; one of them is mortgage-based securities. The major functions of Investment banks are: Raising Capital Trading Securities Advising on Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions. In general terms Investment banks act as intermediaries between the sellers and the buyers of securities. Moreover, they do more than just that. The scope of investment banking include all major capital market activities such as underwriting, private placement, MA, venture capital, market making, proprietary trading, financial engineering, clearing and settlement, and financing and money management. K.T. Liaw, The Business of Investment Banking (New York: Wiley, 1999). Apart from the rest of the duties of Investment banks, we are going to see more about its duties towards advisory on deals of Mergers and Acquisitions. Investment banks are nowadays having become more focused on taking the deals of MAs which are of logically planned to think deeply and apply thoughtful logic in the whole merger transaction. If an Investment bank is on the buy side of the transaction, it will spend lot of time to analyze the situation, strategic setting of the acquirer and of the target. It will help them to identify potential strategic aims for the transaction. AIMS and OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this paper is getting a legitimate understanding of the entire process of MA as well as an extreme vital role of Investment banks in the entire process of MAs. Moreover, by doing this research work, I would try to find out various strategies and methods that the Investment banks use according to the companys situations. Furthermore, I would also try to find out the ways the Investment banks use their arbitragers in taking higher risks to get the maximum amount of profit out of the entire merger transactions. There are several other objectives and questions that are needed to be answered that I would try to find and present my best possible outcome of the research in this paper. In recent trend, the transaction of mergers and acquisition requires a strategic plan to create a successful merger. There are several ways that the companies involved are applying nowadays. Firstly, the acquirer company makes a tender offer which means, it makes a takeover bid in public like an open offer or an invitation to all the shareholders of the target company. It offers the stock for sale at a specific price during a stipulated time period. That offer may be for a minimum or maximum number of shares. And in this case the acquirer firm directly contact the shareholders through the medium of newspaper advertisements and the directors of the target firm may not have endorsed the proposal of the tender offer. The price which the acquirer firm offers to the target firms shareholders usually have included premium over the current market price of the target companys shares. Acquirer firm does so to induce the shareholders to sell their maximum number of shares to them. There is an extreme importance to study both the perspectives of the entire process of MA. It means the process consists of both the buyers perspective and the sellers perspective. Here, we are going to study these perspectives and try to conclude the outcomes of the entire research. First of all we will see the transaction from the buyers point of view. How a buyer of the firm gathers all required materials, assemble the team, recruit the internal team to go on for further details, getting things done by the outside teams, etc. Secondly, we will go for the sellers perspective of the deal. What made the seller to sell his business, preparations made to close the bid, keeping in mind the needs of prospective buyer, gathering the decisions of the sellers entire team, preparing financial terms, taking help from the outsiders, etc. Moreover, we will also focus on the importance of the advisory teams which plays a vital role in closing the deals. They may be accountants, attorneys, investment banks or other financial institutions. As this paper is made to get insight on workings of the Investment banks as an advisor to both the parties in the deal, we will see more on the entire work done in the past by various Investment banks from all over the world. We will also take some examples of the Investment banks and their financial advisory terms and structures to get exact and insight knowledge of the Investment banks as an advisor. Finally, we will conclude on the basis of ethics, the working of both sides of the merger deals and the ethics used by the Investment banks in its advisory role to the process of mergers and acquisitions. Methodology and Data: Research methods are the techniques for gathering data (Aldridge and Levine, 2001). It is a systematic and orderly approach for collecting and analyzing data and obtaining particular information from collected data (Jankowicz, 2000). The research I am doing on is a topic that can be discussed a lot. Because of its increasing importance, the data regarding my research can be available in ample quantity from number of sources like journals, articles, magazines and some research papers, electronic search engines from college, World Wide Web, documentary data, Survey based data etc which helps to develop a good literature and synthesize and analyze primary data. Secondary data analysis provides higher quality data than could be obtained by collecting on your own (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Re-analyzing secondary data can lead to unforeseen or unexpected new discoveries (Saunders et al, 2003). These available secondary data can give me that information that is at least a basic idea giving and can be my first approach to initiate my research work. Because of the day to day financial news is available in Financial News Papers, lot of information regarding investment banks are available from it. Along with that the inter net is considered as the best source of getting information on almost every topic we wish to work on. So, my first move to start research would be secondary data available from above mentioned sources. Data collection through interviews has been the prime source of this research. An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people (Kahn and Cannell, 1957). It is a type of social interaction between a researcher and an interviewee, who serves as the potential source of information relevant to the research. The use of interviews helps the researcher to collect valid and reliable data that are significant so as to the research questions and objectives (Saunders et al, 2003). Bryman and Bell (2007) says that the research interview is an important data collection strategy in any type of research whether it is quantitative or qualitative. The major merit of interview to be used as a data collection tool is that it focuses predominantly on the researchers topic along with being more insightful. The objective behind conducting interview is to collect relevant information required to the respondents knowledge in particular field (Merriam, 1994, pp. 86 87). Structure of the Study: This study has been divided into five chapters: Chapter two describes empirical literature based on past studies conducted on single and panel countries and an overview of Investment banks working towards the finalizations of merger deals with description of recent trend and progress of MA deals. Chapter three explains the methodology and data used in this study together with the description of variables. Chapter four states the analysis of the collected data and findings. Finally, chapter five provides the results and conclusion derived from the given study. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: An acquisition is a transaction where one company buys shares of another company, by issuing its own new shares, cash, debt or a mixture of these forms of consideration. A merger transaction is where both parties agree to combine their business, and for this purpose form a new company that issues shares which replace the shares of both businesses (Reuvid, Jonathan, 2007). Mergers and Acquisition activities have been circled from long time, which is based on various macro economic factors. The overall economic state of the nation and abroad. Stock prices of public listed companies. Liquidity levels in the financial markets. The level of pressure by antitrust on Mergers and Acquisitions. The level of regulation in accurate checking of certain industries, such as airlines, telecommunication, banking and other financial services. If the conglomerates or pure play companies are in favour of market experts and analysts. There are so many differences in aspects of the number of companies bought and sold, as well as prices paid for these deals, as time has passed. Firstly, we will see the examples of the merger transactions that had failed due to lack of proper preparations and over spending of money in transaction. Here is the case of Conseco Finance, which was trading near its highest level at $50 per share in June 1998. The CEO of the company, Stephen Hilbert, and the public market were very confident about the companys prospects. However, Hilbert announced the acquisition of Green Tree Financial, a subprime mortgage and consumer lending company, for a whopping $7.6 billion, that same month. The offered price was more than seven times the net worth of Green Tree, or a $6.6 billion premium to the tangible book value. Then the disaster had started to happen over the next two years. The stock price of the company dropped to $below $10 per share from $50 per share. The company was declared bankrupt in the spring 2003. Moreover, the analysts attributed the companys long and painful downfall to its overpayment for the Green Tree assets and the subsequent adverse impact of that purchase on Consecos operations. This disaster not only resulted in loss of job to Hilbert, but also drove a very successfu l company out of business. The popular

Does the Colour of a Liquid Effect How Fast it Cools? :: essays research papers

Does the Colour of a Liquid Effect How Fast it Cools? I am trying to find out if the colour of a liquid effects how quickly it cools down. Method: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First I took five test tubes and filled each one with 5ml of black, blue, green, red and ‘clear’ colouring (for the ‘clear’ colouring I simply used water.) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I then filled each of the test tubes with 25ml of boiling (of course whilst wearing safety goggles.) water and waited for the temperature to fall to 50 °C and then measured the temperature of the water, using thermometers, every 30 seconds for three minutes. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I recorded our results and repeated the experiment to make the test fairer. Diagram: My diagram can be found in the plastic wallet this was handed in with. Equipment: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 standard test tubes. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 thermometers. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Four colour dyes, black, blue, green and red. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A stop watch. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A kettle. Prediction: I think that the colour of the liquid will effect how quickly it cools down because I know that dark matt surfaces are better at absorbing radiation. Therefore, according to my theory, the darker dyes such as the black, blue and green will cool slower than the lighter ones. Results: These are my average results for both sets of recordings put into tables: Green  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temp ( °C) 0:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50 0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  49 1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  48 1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47 2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47 2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46 Red:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temp ( °C) 0:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50 0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45 1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  43 1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42 2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  41 2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40 Blue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temp ( °C) 0:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50 0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47 1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  44 1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42 2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  41 2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  40 Black  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temp ( °C) 0:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50 0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47 1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  44 1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42 2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  41 2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  39 Clear  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temp ( °C) 0:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50 0:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  48 1:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47 1:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45 2:00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  44 2:30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  37 I then put these results into a graph which you can find in the plastic wallet this was handed in with. I then worked out the total temperature loss for each colour and put them into this table:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Green  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blue  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Clear Total Temperature Loss in  °C  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 I then put the results into this bar chart: Conclusion: My results seem very strange and almost contradict my prediction. All the results seem quite similar, except the green dye, which, of course, could simply be an anomalous result. Therefore my conclusion is that the colour of a liquid makes no difference to how quickly it cools down. Evaluation: I understand that my experiment was not at all completely accurate. To be so I would need to do it in a controlled, stable environment, but this was not available to me.